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What happens when a democracy moves from physical ballot boxes to invisible code?
This investigation by Andorra Justice Watch begins with the controversy surrounding Andorra’s 2023 general election, when approximately 9,010 votes — nearly 45% of all votes cast — were deposited before election day under judicial custody.
No court established mass electoral fraud. But the case exposed a deeper democratic question: when a citizen challenges the integrity of a vote, can the State produce independent, auditable evidence proving that the chain of custody was protected?
That question has now reached the international level, with the electoral dispute described in the sources as pending before the United Nations Human Rights Committee in Geneva.
But this investigation goes further.
While the controversy over physical ballots continues, Andorra is rapidly building a new digital State infrastructure through Andorra Digital, SA — a public technology company with responsibilities involving software, cybersecurity, digital identity, interoperability and major government systems.
And electronic voting is no longer theoretical. In 2026, the CASS initiated a tender for an electronic voting solution before the project was stopped for legal reasons.
So the question becomes unavoidable:
If it was difficult to reconstruct what happened to a physical ballot box over several days, how could citizens reconstruct what an algorithm did in four milliseconds?
The podcast examines electronic voting, privileged insiders, source code, cryptographic keys, server logs, software independence, independent audits and the warnings issued by the Council of Europe and OSCE/ODIHR.
It also examines Elon Musk’s warning that even a small risk of electronic voting systems being hacked by humans or artificial intelligence may be too high — while making clear that the decisive democratic standards come from international institutions, not from Musk.
Andorra Justice Watch is not accusing Andorra Digital, its employees or the Andorran Government of manipulating elections.
The warning is structural and preventive:
No Government, public company, telecommunications operator or private contractor should ever control enough components of an electoral system to alter, conceal or render a result unverifiable without immediate independent detection.
The investigation calls on the United Nations, OSCE/ODIHR and the Council of Europe to scrutinise any future electronic-voting system in Andorra before it is deployed — not after a disputed election.
The vote may be modernised. Democracy must never become a black box.
The vote is secret. The system protecting it must be verifiable.
